What is a biopsy?
A biopsy involves the careful removal of a small piece of suspicious tissue from the mouth, gum, tongue or other oral structures. It may be:
Incisional biopsy – where only part of the abnormal area is sampled to confirm a diagnosis.
Excisional biopsy – where the entire lesion is removed in one piece, usually for smaller lumps or swellings.
The tissue sample is sent to a specialist pathologist who examines it under a microscope. This microscopic analysis is the only reliable way to determine what type of cells are present and if further treatment is needed.
Why might you need a biopsy?
Your dentist or specialist may recommend an oral biopsy if you have:
- A lesion or patch in the mouth that has persisted for more than two weeks
- Persistent sores or ulcers that do not heal
- Unusual white or red patches of tissue
- Lumps or swellings detected on clinical examination or X-rays
- Unexplained thickenings or abnormal changes in soft tissue
Early and accurate diagnosis helps rule out serious conditions like oral cancer and allows prompt, targeted treatment.
The biopsy procedure
Most biopsies are carried out under local anaesthetic, so the area is completely numb. This ensures the procedure is comfortable and pain-free. The process typically involves:
- Numbing the biopsy area with local anaesthetic
- Carefully removing a small piece of tissue
- Closing the biopsy site, usually with dissolvable stitches
The procedure typically takes around 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the location and size of the tissue being sampled.
For patients with dental anxiety, IV sedation can be offered upon request.
Aftercare
After the procedure, your clinician will give you specific advice. Typical aftercare includes:
- Avoiding biting or chewing near the biopsy site until the numbness wears off
- Refraining from rinsing vigorously or spitting forcefully on the day of surgery
- Gentle cleaning around the area once comfortable
- Warm salt-water rinses can help soothe the site beginning the day after surgery
Minor bleeding, swelling and discomfort are normal in the first few days and can usually be managed with simple pain relief such as paracetamol or ibuprofen if advised.
Results and follow-up
Biopsy specimens are analysed in a pathology laboratory, with results typically available within approximately two weeks. Your clinician will review your results and discuss the findings and any further treatment required.
Are there any risks?
Oral biopsies are generally safe, but like any minor surgical procedure there are small risks, such as:
- Slight bleeding at the biopsy site
- Infection (rare with proper care)
- Mild discomfort or swelling
- Temporary numbness if near a small nerve
Your surgeon will explain any risks relevant to your individual case before the procedure.